Copernicus, Archimedes, Franklin information begging me to tell me

Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in a businessman family in Toruren, Western Poland. There are four brothers and sisters at home, Copernicus is the smallest. When he was 10 years old, his father died, and his uncle Lucas took the responsibility of breeding him.

1491 to 1495, Copernicus entered Clarkov University to study. Clarkov was the capital of Poland at that time, and the largest trade and cultural center in Eastern Europe. International students in many countries were studying here. Because it is located in East and West and European traffic, it is influenced by the Renaissance of the Italian Rena earlier earlier. Therefore, in this ancient university, a fierce struggle has been launched between the emerging bourgeois humanistic thoughts and the decaying feudal church philosophy of the school. Under the influence of advanced humanistic thoughts, Copernicus buried the seeds of challenges to philosophy to the Scriptures in the soul. Here, he encountered a professor and astronomer Professor Brutcisky () who had a profound impact on him. This professor's enlightenment education prompted Copernicus to dedicate his life to astronomical science.

1496 Copernicus went to Italy to study, and successively entered the University of Bologna, the University of Padova, and Ferrala University to study and study laws, astronomy, mathematics, theology and medicine. He also learned Greek Essence In 1503, Copernicus received a doctorate in church regulations.

In 1497, Copernicus served as the monk of Rev. Wal Banmiia. After 1510, he has worked in management and diplomacy. He is an outstanding economist who has written the book "General Theory of Currency". He was the first economist in modern times to propose the theory of bad coins to eliminate good coins. Copernicus medicine is clever. He uses his spare time to do medicine and treats illness for the poor. He is a well -known doctor and is hailed as "divine doctor" by people. Copernicus is also an excellent mathematician. His masterpiece "Celestial Operation Theory" has published his spherical triangle thesis.

Copernicus is also a great patriot. When the Knight Cavaliers invaded Poland crazy, he stepped forward and got up to defend his motherland. In 1519, the Knight Cavaliers came, and the monks in the Elmenland area were scared away, but he bravely organized and led the people of the Olzdin City to fight against the invaders. The fierce battle finally retreated the enemy's attack.

Although Copernicus is always busy, he always maintains a calm mind and puts his main energy on the study of astronomy. In 1515, Copernicus began to write the book "The Theory of Celestial Operation". In 1525, Copernicus's original female housekeeper, Anna, sincerely fell in love with this great scientist. Regardless of the rumors of others, she came to Copernicus, who was deprived of the marriage rights of the church. Due to her careful care and help, the writing of the theory of "Astronomy" was successfully carried out.

On May 24, 1543, Great Polish scientist Corbini died of illness.
Akimid (about 287-212 BC) is the founder of ancient Greek physicists and mathematicians, the founder of static and fluid static.

[The life of Archimedes]

In AD 287 BC, Akimed was born in Syragu (now Sicha, Sicha, Italy). He was born in a nobleman and has a relative with King Heron, Syulagu, and his family is very rich. Archimid's father is a astronomer and mathematician, who is knowledgeable and humble. When he was eleven years old, he was sent to the ancient Greek Cultural Center Alexander Greater City to study with the help of the royal family.

Alexander was located at the Nile estuary and was one of the centers of cultural trade at that time. There are majestic museums and libraries here, and talents are known as "the capital of wisdom." Archimid has studied and lived here for many years, and has been closely interacting with many scholars. He has a strong interest in mathematics, mechanics and astronomy during his studies. When he was studying astronomy, he invented the planets promoted with water conservancy, and used it to simulate the operation of the sun, the planet and the moon, and the performers of the performers and lunar eclipse. In order to solve the problem of irrigating land with the Nile, it invented a cylindrical spiral water heater, which later called it "Archimid Spiral".

In AD 240 BC, Archimedes returned to Syria to help the king's consultant to help the king solve various scientific and technological issues in production practice, military technology and daily life.

In AD 212 BC, the ancient Roman army captured Syragou, and was coincide with Achimid, who was converging to the scientific issues, and was unfortunately killed by the bargain Roman soldiers at the age of seventy -five. Archimedes's body was buried in Sicily, and the tombstone was engraved with a graphic of a cylindrical ball to commemorate his excellent contribution in geometry.

[Achimid's scientific achievements]
In the late ancient Greece, another greatest scientist appeared, he was Akimid.
The calculation formula of the volume and surface area of ​​the sphere and cylindrical body was correctly obtained, and the calculation method of the area and the bow shaped area surrounded by parabolic lines was proposed.
The most famous is the method of seeking the area surrounded by the Archimeda snail line (ρ = × × θ). This snail line is named after Archimede.
The method of the cone curve solve the one -dollar and three equations and get the correct answer.
Akimid is the founder of calculus. When calculating the volume of the sphere, cylindrical and more complicated three -dimensional, he uses the method of gradually approximation and the limit, thereby laid the foundation for modern micro -points calculation.
The most interesting foundation of Akimid's volume:
Once, the son of Archimede's neighbor Jenli played to the small yard of Archimede's family. Jen Li is naughty and a very flattering child.
The face of Zhan Li raised his red face and said, "Uncle Archimedes, can I use your round pillar in the church's column?"
"Yes." Akimid said.
Ar Xiao Zhan Li set up this cylinder, and according to the model of the pillar in front of the church, prepare to add a ball to the pillar. He found a cylinder. Because its diameter was equal to the diameter of the cylindrical body, the ball "fluttered" into the cylindrical body and could not come out.
So Jen Li shouted Akimid loudly. When Akimid saw this situation, he thought: the height and diameter of the cylindrical body are equal. ?
But how can I determine the relationship between the ball and the cylinder? At this time, Jenli brought a pot of water and said, "Sorry, Uncle Archimedes, let me rinse the ball with water, it will be cleaner." He is Xiao Zhanli and said lovingly, "Thank you, Little Zhanli, you helped solve a big problem."
Akimid poured the water into the cylindrical body and put the inner ball in Take out the ball, how much water is the remaining water; then add the water of the cylindrical body to how much water can the cylindrical body be loaded.
The tests repeatedly, he found an amazing miracle: the volume of the inner ball is just equivalent to two -thirds of the capacity of the cylindrical body of the outsourcing.
The ecstasy, remembering this extraordinary discovery: the proportion of cylindrical body and its inner sphere, or the relationship between the two is 3: 2.
The pride for this extraordinary discovery. He ordered his future generations to engrave a cylindrical pattern with an internal sphere and engraved on his tombstone as a epitaph.
Akimid's amazing intelligence has attracted people's attention and admiration. Friends call him "Alpha", that is, first -level mathematicians (α -Alpha, the first letter in Greek letters).
Akimids, as "Alpha", well deserved. Therefore, E.T. Bell, a 20th century mathematics historian, said: "Any one of the three greatest mathematicians in history must include Archimedes. Gauss. However, in comparison with their great achievements and the background of the times, compare their influence of contemporary and later generations, and should also be the first to be available. "
I said that Archimede's mathematics achievement lies in his inheritance and promoting the scientific methods of abstract mathematics in ancient Greek research, but also linked the research of mathematics with practical applications. It has a profound impact on future generations.

The is indisputable for Archimedes one of the greatest mathematicians and scientists produced by ancient Greek civilization. He in many scientific fields The outstanding contributions made him won the high respect of the contemporary people.

The aspect: Achimid's achievements in mechanics are the most prominent. The mechanics laid the foundation. On the basis of summing up the experience of predecessors, Archimad systematically studied the focus and leverage principle of objects, proposed the method of accurately determining the center of gravity of the object, and pointed out Makes the objects balanced. In the process of studying machinery, he discovered the law of leverage and used this principle to design many machinery. He found the law of buoyancy in the process of studying the floating body, that is, the famous Archimedes law law .

Geometric learning: Archimedes determined the calculation method of the surface area and volume of various complex geometric bodies such as the parabolic bow shape, the thread, the circular area, the oval, and the parabolic facade. In the process of these formulas, he created the "exhaustion method", that is, what we said today is approximately approximately the limit of seeking limit, so it is recognized as the originator of calculus calculations. The method of getting close to the area is more accurately found. In the face of the ancient Greek's redundant number representation, Archimedes also pioneered the large number of large numbers, breaking through the Greek alphabet count that could not exceed 10,000 at that time. Limitation, and using it to solve many mathematical problems.

stanology: Archimedes also have outstanding achievements in astronomy. In addition to the planetary me mentioned earlier, he also believes that the earth is spherical, and the earth is spherical. And rotating around the sun, this view is more than 1,800 years earlier than Copernicus’s "Sundament". Limited to the conditions at that time, he did not do a deep system for this problem. It is great to put forward such insights in the third century.

The writings: There are more than 10 kinds of mathematical works circulated in the world, mostly Greek manuscripts. The problem of accumulation is mainly the volume of the area of ​​the curvature graphics and the curved cube. Its system is deeply influenced by the Euclidean "Geometry Original". "On the ball and cylindrical", "The Merture of the Yuan", "Pangal Polying", "On the Thread", "On the Caplays and Sphere", "The Calculation of the Sand" and other mathematics. "On the Balance of Graphics", "On Floating Body", "On Leverage", "Principles" and other mechanical works. The achievement. From a few definitions and axioms, he launched the ball and There are more than 50 propositions such as the area of ​​the cylindrical area. "Balance of Plane Graphics or Focus", starting from several basic assumptions, use strict geometric methods to demonstrate the principle of mechanics, and find the center of gravity of several plane graphics. "Several Sands", designing a method that can represent any large number. Some people think that the sand is indispensable, and even a few can not be expressed by arithmetic symbols. "On Floating Body", discusses the buoyancy of objects, and studies the stability of rotating parabola in the fluid. Archimede also proposed a "group cow problem", which contains eight unknown. Finally, it is attributed to a second irregular equation. The number of solutions is very amazing, with more than 200,000 people!

It, there is a very important book, a letter to Elastedney, the content is the content is the content of the content. The content is the content. Discuss the method of solving mechanics. This was a volume of amnioper paper manuscripts discovered by Danish linguist J.L. Hayberg in Istanbul, Turkey. It was originally written in Greek and was later wiped away. Fortunately, the original handwriting was not cleaned. After careful recognition, it was confirmed that it was Achimid's work. Some of the content that I saw elsewhere, including the content that has been lost in the past. Later, he was published in the name of "Archimedes". It mainly talks about the method of discovering problems according to the principle of mechanics. He regards a piece of area or volume as a heavy thing, divided into many very small long or thin slices, and then use the known area or volume to balance these "elements". You can calculate it with the law of leverage. He regards this method as a tentative work before strictly proved. After getting the result, he must use the method of reward to prove it.

The importance of practice: Achimede and scientists in the Athens period are obviously different, that is, he attaches great importance to the strictness and accuracy of science, and requires accurate and logical to each problem. Prove; also attach great importance to the practical application of scientific knowledge. He attaches great importance to the test and produces various instruments and machinery in person. He has designed and manufactured many institutions and machines throughout his life. In addition to the leverage system, it is worth mentioning that weighing pulleys, land irrigation machines, water booms, and military -free stone throwing machines. The water machine known as "Archimedes Spiral" is still in Egypt and other places.

[Story about Archimede]

"Give me a fulcrum, I can promote the earth"

He is a theorist and a practitioner. He is keen to apply his scientific discovery to practice throughout his life, thereby combining the two. In Egypt, around 1,500 BC, some people raised heavy objects with leverage, but people did not know its truth. Archimede focused on this phenomenon and discovered the principle of leverage.

The king of Heron has always been a doubtful attitude towards Archimid's theory. He asked Archimede to turn them into a living example to convince people. Akimid said: "Give me a fulcrum, I can move the earth." The king said: "I am afraid that this will not be achieved. You should help me drag me on the big ship on the coast." The King of Egypt created a boat, which was large and heavier, because it could not move and stranded on the coast for many days. Archimedes promised. Archimedes designed a complicated set of leverage pulley systems to install on the boat and hand over one end of the rope to King Heron. King He Nong gently pulled the rope, the miracle appeared, and the big ship moved slowly, and finally went to the sea. When the king was surprised, he admired Archimede very much, and sent someone to post a notice, "In the future, no matter what Archimedes say, you must believe him."