1 thought on “kate spade wholesale jewelry Which computer teacher helps!”
Daisy
wholesale fashion jewelry no minimum order Although traditional computers will not withdraw from the historical stage in the short term, it aims to surpass it such as quantum computers, DNA biomedicals, and optical computers. With the efforts of researchers, it has been revealed.
The quantum computer will be a hot spot for future computer research. Quantum computers use particle's quantum mechanics state to represent information, which can realize the complex calculations that the current electronic computer cannot perform. In 2000, German and American scientists developed a five -quantum nuclear -magnetic resonance quantum computer and successfully operated through experiments.
Meo -American scientist has developed a new technology that can be used to manufacture DNA computers. It not only limits the scope of the activity of genetic material DNA molecules on the solid surface to perform operations, but also greatly simplifies through DNA operations The steps to solve complex mathematics problems marked a step forward to scientists' dreams of developing a powerful DNA computer.
The scientific research team composed of American and British scientists successfully developed the world's first DNA "engine". Replace the current silicon chip circuit, so that the future computers are smaller, lighter, and faster in operation.
The Canadian scientists have recently developed a light chip, which is an important result of developing optical computers.
It work in the virtual office
In the future, your office may no longer be the current grid unit, but more like the Holodeck in science fiction movies. Computer scientists are testing a technology called "Tele -IMMMERSION". This technology will enable us to share an office with colleagues in the distance, and feel that the two are close at hand. ]
In in the United States, the formal name of this project is "National long -distance compatibility system" ( -), and computer scientists from several universities are conducting joint development for this. At present, the prototype of the system has come out. Through the display of right -angle installations on both sides, the system allows scientists to communicate with colleagues far away in other states. It feels like you look at the "window" with your colleagues. This technology is different from the earlier video conference (). It provides the same size as real people and scenery, and it is a three -dimensional (3 -D) three -dimensional effect.
In the prototype system, each researcher is surrounded by a set of digital camera, and its every move can be ingested from different angles. They also wore trackers and special glasses used when watching stereo movies. When the researchers turned his head, he also changed his visual angle of his colleagues. For example, if he leans forward, the colleagues opposite will look closer, although there may be thousands of miles between them.
It to make this system effectively operate, high -function computers must quickly transform the other party's digital image into a digital signal that can be transmitted through the Internet, and then restore the signal into the image in the acceptance terminal into the terminal. The screen is displayed. At present, the entire operation process is not very ideal, because the function of the computer's speed memory cannot be matched.
The future in the future, with the improvement of computer technology, scientists hope that long -distance compatibility technology can also enter other applications. For example, using this technology, patients in remote areas can make famous doctors in large cities "see" disease. let us wait and see.
The quantum computer is a type of physical device that follows the laws of quantum mechanics for high -speed mathematics and logical operations, storage and processing quantum information. When a device is processed and calculated, it is quantum information and running a quantum algorithm, it is a quantum computer. The concept of quantum computers comes from research on reversible computers. The purpose of studying the reversible computer is to solve the energy consumption problem in the computer.
The quantum computer, which was previously proposed by Richard Ferman, from the beginning from the simulation of physical phenomena. It can be found that when simulating quantum phenomena, the amount of data becomes huge because of the huge Hilbert space. The required computing time of an intact simulation becomes considerable, even unrealistic astronomical figures. At the time, Richard Ferman thought that if the computer composed of a quantum system was used to simulate quantum phenomenon, the operation time could be greatly reduced, thereby the concept of quantum computers born.
The quantum computers, or promotion -quantum information science, mostly in the theoretical derivation and other paper state in the 1980s. Until 1994, Petershor proposed the quantum factor decomposition algorithm, and after the RSA encryption algorithm that is currently connected to the bank and the network can be solved and pushed it, the quantum computer has become a hot topic. In addition to theory, many scholars are working hard to use various quantum systems to achieve quantum computers.
The semiconductor to control the accumulated circuit to record and calculate information, and quantum computers want to control the state of the atom or small molecule of the small molecule.
From the 1960s to the 1970s, people found that energy consumption would cause chips in the computer to heat up, which greatly affected the integration of the chip, thereby limiting the operating speed of the computer. Studies have found that energy consumption comes from irreversible operations in the calculation process. So, is it necessary to use an irreversible operation to complete the calculation process? The answer to the question is: All classic computers can find a corresponding reversible computer without affecting the computing power. Since each step in the computer can be transformed into reversible operations, in quantum mechanics, it can be represented by a positive change. Early quantum computers, in fact, classic computers described in quantum mechanics language did not use the essential characteristics of quantum mechanics, such as the superposition and coherent of quantum state. Among the classic computers, the basic information unit is Bit, and the operation object is a variety of bit sequences. Similarly, in quantum computers, the basic information unit is a quantum bit, and the computing object is the quantum ratio sequence. The difference is that the quantum ratio sequence can not only be in the superposition of various orthogonal states, but also in the entanglement. These special quantum states not only provide the possibility of quantum parallel computing, but also bring many wonderful properties. Unlike classic computers, quantum computers can do any positive transformation. After the output state is obtained, the calculation results are measured. Therefore, quantum computing has greatly expanded classic calculations. In mathematical forms, classic computing can be regarded as a special type of quantum computing. The quantum computer transforms each superposition component, all these transformations are completed at the same time, and the results are superimposed at a certain probability. This calculation is called quantum parallel calculation. In addition to parallel computing, another important use of quantum computers is to simulate the quantum system. This work is not competent by classic computers.
In 1994, Petershor, an expert at Bell Lab, proved that quantum computers can make pairing operations, and the speed is far better than traditional computers. This is because quantum is not like semiconductors that can only record 0 and 1, which can indicate multiple states at the same time. If the semiconductor is compared to a single musical instrument, the quantum computer is like a symphony orchestra, which can handle a variety of different conditions at a time. Therefore, a 40 -bit quantum computer can solve the problem that 1024 -bit computers spend decades. Essence
: The basic concept of quantum computers
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Tramid computer, as the name suggests, is a machine that realizes quantum computing. To make clear quantum calculations, first look at classic calculations. Classic computers can be physically described as a machine that transforms the input signal sequence according to a certain algorithm, and its algorithm is achieved by the internal logic circuit of the computer. The classic computer has the following characteristics:
The input state and output state are classic signals, described in the language of quantum mechanics, that is, its input and output state are both This is the state. If you enter the binary sequence 0110110, use quantum marks, that is, | 0110110>. All input states are orthodox. It is impossible for classic computers to enter the following superimposed state: C1 | 0110110 ＞ C2 | 1001001>.
The transformation inside the classic computer has evolved into orthogonal state, and general quantum transformation does not have this properties. Therefore, the transformation (or calculation) in the classic computer only corresponds to a special set.
The above two restrictions of the classic computers, quantum computers have been promoted respectively. The input of quantum computers is described by a quantum system with a limited energy level, such as the second energy -level system (called Qubits), and the transformation of quantum computers (that is, quantum computing) includes possible positive transformations. Therefore, the characteristics of quantum computers are:
The input state and output state of quantum computers are generally superimposed, and they are usually inactive with each other;
in quantum computers Change to all possible changes. After the output state is obtained, the quantum computer measures a certain measurement of the output state, and the calculation results are given.
In this shows that quantum computing has greatly expanded the classic calculation, and the classic calculation is a special type of quantum computing. The most essential feature of quantum calculation is quantum superposition and quantum coherent. The transformation of each superposition component implementation of the quantum computer is equivalent to a classic calculation. All these classic calculations are completed at the same time and superimposed at a certain probability amplitude to give the output result of the quantum computer. This calculation is called quantum parallel calculation.
The quantum parallel calculation or quantum simulation calculation, essentially uses quantum coherence. Unfortunately, it is difficult to maintain quantum syndrome in the actual system. In quantum computers, quantum bits are not an isolated system. It will interact with the external environment, leading to the attenuation of quantum coherent, that is, the degradation (also known as "retreat"). Therefore, to make quantum computing a reality, a core issue is to overcome the abortion. Quantum codes are the most effective way to overcome the elimination of elimination. The main quantum encoding schemes are: quantum error correction code, quantum misunderstanding code, and quantum prevention code. The quantum error correction code is an analogy of classic error correction codes. It is currently the most type of encoding of the current research. Its advantages are widely available scope, and the disadvantage is that the efficiency is not high.
. So far, there is no real quantum computer in the world. However, many laboratories around the world are pursuing this dream with great enthusiasm. How to achieve quantum computing is not a lot of schemes. The problem is that it is really difficult to manipulate the micro quantum state in the experiment. At present, the proposed scheme mainly uses atomic and light cavity interactions, cold trap restraint ions, electron or nuclear spin -spin resonance, quantum dot control, superconductant quantum interference, etc. It is difficult to say which scheme is more promising, but the quantum dot plan and the superconducting Josephson knot solution are more suitable for integration and miniaturization. In the future, the existing solutions will not be used to use it. Finally, it is a new design that stands out. This new design is based on some new materials, just like semiconductor materials for electronic computers. The purpose of studying quantum computers is not to use it to replace existing computers. Quantum computers have renewed the concept of computing. This is the difference between quantum computers and other computers such as optical computers and biological computers. The role of quantum computers is far more than just solving some classic computers.
The quantum computer is a series of large -scale and high accuracy operations through quantum split type and quantum repair type. Its floating -point computing performance is unmatched by the CPU of ordinary home computers. The large -scale operation method of quantum computers is actually similar to the batch processing program of ordinary computers. The operation method is simply split through a large number of quantums, and then high -speed Quantum repair, but its accuracy and speed are also unpredictable for ordinary computers, so the cost is quite amazing. At present, the only quantum computer is still in the hometown of Silicon Valley, Microsoft, and it is still in the test stage, and it will have some time before it is put into use. Of course, quantum computers are not for us to play video games, because this is like using laser cutting machine to cut paper. The main purpose is to measure the precise coordinates of the stars, quickly calculate irregular stereo graphics volume, accurately control robots or artificial intelligence, etc. Need a large -scale, high -precision high -speed floating -point operation. Behind the running series of difficult operations, it is terrible energy consumption, not much long service life and horrible calories.
I assuming that 1 ton of uranium 235 can provide 70 million watt volume of electricity per day through the nuclear generator, but these electricity will be exhausted in just 10 days. This is the most conservative estimate; A quantum computer works for about 4 hours a day, then its life span will only be poor for 2 years. If it works for more than 6 hours, I am afraid that it will not even be 1 year. This is also the most conservative estimate; Then the case will reach 200 degrees within 2 hours. I am afraid that the heat dissipation device will be melted in 6 hours. This is still the most conservative estimate!
It's perspective, high -energy short -lived quantum computers may have a long distance from our lives, let us wait and see in the future of the future! ~
: DNA Biological Computer
The scientists have found that deoxyrum ribose (DNA) has a characteristic that can carry a large amount of genetic substances owned by various cells of organisms. Mathematicians, biologists, chemists, and computer experts have been inspired by it, and they are currently cooperating to develop future DNA computers. The working principle of this DNA computer is based on instant chemical reactions. Through the interaction of enzymes, the reaction process is performed for molecular coding, and the problem is answered in the form of new DNA coding. In 1995, it was reported that scientists made breakthroughs with the "programming" DNA chain math problem. Compared with ordinary computers, the advantage of DNA computers is that the volume is small, but the amount of information stored exceeds any current computer. It is only one of the few trillions of ordinary computers for storing information. Its information can be stored in the DNA chain with a messenger. DNA computers can complete any computing that all computers have so far in a few days. In addition, it consumes only one billionth of ordinary computers. The reason why the DNA computer function is strong is that each chain itself is a miniature processor. Scientists can arrange the 1 billion chain in 1,000 grams of water, and each chain can be calculated independently. This means a possible solution that DNA computers can "trial" at the same time. Electronic computers must calculate each solution from beginning to end until the next solution is tried. Therefore, electronic computers and DNA computers are completely different. Electronic computers can perform many operations in one hour, but only one instruction operation can be performed at a time. The DNA computer takes about one hour to perform an operation, but it can calculate 1 billion instructions at a time. The function of the human brain is between the two: about 10 trillion instruction operations in one hour. DNA computers translate binary numbers into segments of genetic passwords. Each clip is a chain of the famous double spiral. Scientists hope to break down all possible modes of DNA and put it in the test tube to create complementary digital chains to provide a basis for solving more complicated operations.
The DNA structure -DNA nuclease can build a variety of DNA molecular logic doors, which laid the foundation for the development of DNA computers.
DNA computing is an emerging research field developed by computer science and molecular biology.
In the news of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, researcher Fan Chunhai of the Institute of Applied Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Academician He Lin and Professor Zhang Zhizhou (now Professor of Tianjin University of Science and Technology) from Shanghai Jiaotong University BIO -X center Cross -cooperation, the use of DNA nuclease to develop a new type of "DNA logic door", laid the foundation for the development of DNA computers. Related research results have been published in the well -known chemical magazine "German Applied Chemistry" published a few days ago.
It because DNA molecules have strong parallel computing and ultra -high storage capabilities, DNA computing may solve the complex problems that some electronic computers are difficult to complete, and may also play in the fields of drug transmission or genetic analysis in the body. Important role. Although DNA calculation of future potential is endless, there are still many bottleneck technologies and basic issues that need to be solved. Among them, the logical door based on DNA molecules is an important foundation for realizing DNA calculations.
DNA nuclease is a nucleic acid structure with specific enzyme activity selected by in vitro evolution. In this study, DNA nuclease with DNA hydrolyzed activity is used. This nuclease with a hammer head -shaped structure can catalyze oxidation and cut the substrate DNA under the auxiliary of copper ions. The DNA logic door is developed through module design () based on this DNA nuclease structure.输入信号通过特定的生物分子传感可以产生输出信号，从而实现“YES”、“NOT”等逻辑判断，并可以组合成复杂的三输入逻辑门“AND(A,NOT(B),NOT(C )) "". The combination of "NOT" and "AND (A, Not (B), Not (C))" is a set of common operational symbols. Therefore, all the operations of the Turing machine can be achieved in theory.
The new features of the logical door system lies in excluding the participation of RNA nucleoside in previous DNA logic doors, and simply applying DNA molecules, thereby avoiding the instability of the system brought by RNA nucleoside. Related research results have been published in the well -known chemical magazine "Angew.chem.int.ed., 2006,45,1759.).
three: The existing computer of photon computer is passed and processed by electrons. Although the speed of the electric field in the wire is faster than the speed of any carrier tools we see, but from the perspective of the development of a high -speed computer, the use of electronic transport information carrier can not meet the fast requirements, and improve the speed of computer computing. It also shows that the ability is limited. The photon computer uses photons to replace electronics and use optical fiber to perform data computing, transmission and storage. In photonic computers, different wavelengths of light represent different data, which is far better than binary operations performed by electronic computers through the changes in electron "0" and "1" state. Parallel treatment. The photon computer will increase the operation speed on the basis of the current basis.
It the disadvantages of electronic computers
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We know that there are resistors and capacitors in any metal wire. It is also known from the basic knowledge of electromagnetics that the combination of resistance and capacitors will generate "resistance" to electrons that spread in the wires, reducing the speed of spreading in the wire (about only about one thousandth of the transmission speed of light waves in vacuum in vacuum waves ), This phenomenon is also called clock distorted. Due to such problems, there is such a consequences accordingly: the reaction of electrons to rapid foreign changes is "dull". When the carrier frequency of the transmission information is very high (that is, the signal change rate is fast), the electrical signal passed on the wire can not keep up with the information signal change to be passed. As a result, just like the cross talk actor reads the password, he reads too fast, the tongue responds to keep up, and when you read the wrong or walk, the transmitted signal should be distorted, and the computer's operation is wrong. Secondly, although the central processing machine of the electronic computer can quickly process the data, the main memory can swallow a lot of data. However, all data signals must be passed through the bus, and if the current density of the bus is too large, the electromagnetic interference generates is also large. Therefore, electronic computers will also appear similar to the highway crossing port due to narrowing and limited vehicle traffic rates, and computer and computing speed are also limited. In addition, the integrated electronic device used by the computer, which is limited by the interference of quantum effects and integrated density. Theoretically the highest integrated density is 1 billion crystal tube per chip (the actual number reached is much lower than that of this number is much lower than this number is much lower than this number is much lower than this number. To.
The advantages of photon computer
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without electrons, use photons as a carrier of transmitting information, it is possible to overcome the previous interviews Those restrictions to make more performance computers. The following aspects of the carrier of the photon for transmitting information have the benefits:
1. The photon does not have a charge, and there is no electromagnetic field interaction between them. In the free space, a few beams of light spread and cross the cross, and there is no interference between each other. Ten thousand beams can cross a optical element at the same time without affecting each other. A optical system can provide 5*10^5 -line transmission information channels; a good quality lens can provide information channels. If the light wave guide is transmitted, the light wave guide can also cross each other, as long as their cross angle is greater than about left and right, there will be no obvious cross -coupling. The nature of the above is also known as the parallelism of light signal transmission.
2. The photon has no static quality. It can be spread in real vacuum or in the medium. That is to say, the speed of the photon carrying information transmission is compared to the chip in the electronic fast computers. The photon interconnection is not affected by electromagnetic interference, and the density of interconnection can be very high. In the free space, the number of connections on the area of each square millimeter can reach 50,000. If it is interconnected by a optical waveguide, there can be 10,000. Therefore, using photons as an information processing carrier, it will create a computer with a high computing speed. Theoretically, it can reach 100 billion times per second, and the information storage reaches 10^18 bits. This computer is called photonic computer.
3. Ultra -high speed operation speed. The parallel processing capacity of photonic computers is strong, so it has a higher operation speed. The transmission speed of electronics is 593km/s, while the transmission speed of photon reaches 3 × 10.5km/s. For electronic computers, electrons are the carrier of information. In the best case, the speed of electrons in solids is far less than the speed of light. Although the current electronic computer operation speed is continuously increased, its capacity limit is still limited; in addition, as the assembly density continues to increase, it will make the assembly density, which will make the assembly density, which will make the assembly density, which will make the assembly density. The electromagnetic effects between conductors are continuously enhanced, and the heat emitted is gradually increasing, thereby restricting the operating speed of electronic computers; while photonic computers are operating much faster than electronic computers, and the requirements for using environmental conditions are also higher than electronic computers than electronic computers. Much low.
4. Over large -scale information storage capacity. Compared with electronic computers, photonic computers have a large -scale information storage capacity. The photon computer has an extremely ideal photoresistal source -laser. The transmission of photon can not require a wire, and even if they intersect, they will not have the slightest mutual impact. The density of the parallel passage of the photonic computer without wire transmission information is actually infinite. A five -cent coin -sized mirror has a lot of information through the ability of the world's existing telephone cable channels.
5. Energy consumption is small, and low calories are emitted. It is a energy -saving product. The driver of photonic computers only requires a small part of the electronic computer -driven energy of similar specifications, which not only reduces the energy consumption of electrical energy, greatly reduces the calories emitted by the machine, but also provides convenience for the miniaturization and portable development of photonic computers, which provides convenience. condition. Scientists are experimenting with the traditional electronic converter and photon to create a "hybrid" computer. This computer can not only deal with information faster, but also overcome the internal overheating problem of giant electronic computers.
The composition of photon computers
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The photon computer consists of optical components and equipment such as optical mirrors, lenses, filters and other optical components Essence There are two types of photon computers: analog and digital. The characteristic of analog photonic computer is to directly use the two -dimensional nature of optical images, so the structure is relatively simple. This photon computer is now used for satellite picture processing and mode recognition. The Star Wars plan proposed by the United States before intended to develop this computer to identify the missile images of high -speed flight. There are many structures of digital photon computers. Among them, there are two types of development value. One is to use mature structures in electronic computers. interconnection. The other is a new structure based on parallel treatment (optical neural network). In the 1980s, it was successfully successfully successful in the optical information processing machine. It was also successful. It consists of laser, lens, and prism. Although photonic computers have been successful, at present, photonic computers cannot catch up with electronic computers in terms of functions and computing speeds. We mainly use electronic computers. In the future, electronic computers will be developed. However, in terms of development potential, obviously photonic computers are much greater than electronics, especially in terms of image processing, target recognition and artificial intelligence, photonic computers will play a greater role in the future than electronic computers.
The current status of photon computers
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The Bell Laboratory in the United States announced the development of the world's first optical computer. It uses gallium arsenidiated light -learning switch, with computing speed of 1 billion times per second. Although this optical computer is still a certain distance from the theoretical optical computers, strong vitality has been shown. Human beings have used optical cable transmission data for more than 20 years, and the technology of disclosed information with optical signals to store information has also been widely used. However, in order to create a real photon computer, you need to develop the basic element that can be used to control the optical transistor that can control the change of another beam. Generally speaking, although scientists can implement such devices, the conditions required such as temperature are still harsh, and it is difficult to enter the practical stage.
The optical technology company in Massachusetts in the United States -Optical Guide Lights Equipment System Company is currently cooperating with the American Aerospace Bureau of Marshall Aerospace Center to develop a "optical" road board to create optical computers to achieve photons Movement control
is expected to make breakthroughs this year. In May 1999, a research team of more than 20 people led by Singaporean scientist He Shengzhong, who worked at Northwestern University in the United States, used nano -level semiconductor lasers to develop the world's smallest photon -oriented coupling. Light in the semiconductor layer decompose and control.
wholesale fashion jewelry no minimum order Although traditional computers will not withdraw from the historical stage in the short term, it aims to surpass it such as quantum computers, DNA biomedicals, and optical computers. With the efforts of researchers, it has been revealed.
The quantum computer will be a hot spot for future computer research. Quantum computers use particle's quantum mechanics state to represent information, which can realize the complex calculations that the current electronic computer cannot perform. In 2000, German and American scientists developed a five -quantum nuclear -magnetic resonance quantum computer and successfully operated through experiments.
Meo -American scientist has developed a new technology that can be used to manufacture DNA computers. It not only limits the scope of the activity of genetic material DNA molecules on the solid surface to perform operations, but also greatly simplifies through DNA operations The steps to solve complex mathematics problems marked a step forward to scientists' dreams of developing a powerful DNA computer.
The scientific research team composed of American and British scientists successfully developed the world's first DNA "engine". Replace the current silicon chip circuit, so that the future computers are smaller, lighter, and faster in operation.
The Canadian scientists have recently developed a light chip, which is an important result of developing optical computers.
It work in the virtual office
In the future, your office may no longer be the current grid unit, but more like the Holodeck in science fiction movies. Computer scientists are testing a technology called "Tele -IMMMERSION". This technology will enable us to share an office with colleagues in the distance, and feel that the two are close at hand. ]
In in the United States, the formal name of this project is "National long -distance compatibility system" ( -), and computer scientists from several universities are conducting joint development for this. At present, the prototype of the system has come out. Through the display of right -angle installations on both sides, the system allows scientists to communicate with colleagues far away in other states. It feels like you look at the "window" with your colleagues. This technology is different from the earlier video conference (). It provides the same size as real people and scenery, and it is a three -dimensional (3 -D) three -dimensional effect.
In the prototype system, each researcher is surrounded by a set of digital camera, and its every move can be ingested from different angles. They also wore trackers and special glasses used when watching stereo movies. When the researchers turned his head, he also changed his visual angle of his colleagues. For example, if he leans forward, the colleagues opposite will look closer, although there may be thousands of miles between them.
It to make this system effectively operate, high -function computers must quickly transform the other party's digital image into a digital signal that can be transmitted through the Internet, and then restore the signal into the image in the acceptance terminal into the terminal. The screen is displayed. At present, the entire operation process is not very ideal, because the function of the computer's speed memory cannot be matched.
The future in the future, with the improvement of computer technology, scientists hope that long -distance compatibility technology can also enter other applications. For example, using this technology, patients in remote areas can make famous doctors in large cities "see" disease. let us wait and see.
The quantum computer is a type of physical device that follows the laws of quantum mechanics for high -speed mathematics and logical operations, storage and processing quantum information. When a device is processed and calculated, it is quantum information and running a quantum algorithm, it is a quantum computer. The concept of quantum computers comes from research on reversible computers. The purpose of studying the reversible computer is to solve the energy consumption problem in the computer.
The quantum computer, which was previously proposed by Richard Ferman, from the beginning from the simulation of physical phenomena. It can be found that when simulating quantum phenomena, the amount of data becomes huge because of the huge Hilbert space. The required computing time of an intact simulation becomes considerable, even unrealistic astronomical figures. At the time, Richard Ferman thought that if the computer composed of a quantum system was used to simulate quantum phenomenon, the operation time could be greatly reduced, thereby the concept of quantum computers born.
The quantum computers, or promotion -quantum information science, mostly in the theoretical derivation and other paper state in the 1980s. Until 1994, Petershor proposed the quantum factor decomposition algorithm, and after the RSA encryption algorithm that is currently connected to the bank and the network can be solved and pushed it, the quantum computer has become a hot topic. In addition to theory, many scholars are working hard to use various quantum systems to achieve quantum computers.
The semiconductor to control the accumulated circuit to record and calculate information, and quantum computers want to control the state of the atom or small molecule of the small molecule.
From the 1960s to the 1970s, people found that energy consumption would cause chips in the computer to heat up, which greatly affected the integration of the chip, thereby limiting the operating speed of the computer. Studies have found that energy consumption comes from irreversible operations in the calculation process. So, is it necessary to use an irreversible operation to complete the calculation process? The answer to the question is: All classic computers can find a corresponding reversible computer without affecting the computing power. Since each step in the computer can be transformed into reversible operations, in quantum mechanics, it can be represented by a positive change. Early quantum computers, in fact, classic computers described in quantum mechanics language did not use the essential characteristics of quantum mechanics, such as the superposition and coherent of quantum state. Among the classic computers, the basic information unit is Bit, and the operation object is a variety of bit sequences. Similarly, in quantum computers, the basic information unit is a quantum bit, and the computing object is the quantum ratio sequence. The difference is that the quantum ratio sequence can not only be in the superposition of various orthogonal states, but also in the entanglement. These special quantum states not only provide the possibility of quantum parallel computing, but also bring many wonderful properties. Unlike classic computers, quantum computers can do any positive transformation. After the output state is obtained, the calculation results are measured. Therefore, quantum computing has greatly expanded classic calculations. In mathematical forms, classic computing can be regarded as a special type of quantum computing. The quantum computer transforms each superposition component, all these transformations are completed at the same time, and the results are superimposed at a certain probability. This calculation is called quantum parallel calculation. In addition to parallel computing, another important use of quantum computers is to simulate the quantum system. This work is not competent by classic computers.
In 1994, Petershor, an expert at Bell Lab, proved that quantum computers can make pairing operations, and the speed is far better than traditional computers. This is because quantum is not like semiconductors that can only record 0 and 1, which can indicate multiple states at the same time. If the semiconductor is compared to a single musical instrument, the quantum computer is like a symphony orchestra, which can handle a variety of different conditions at a time. Therefore, a 40 -bit quantum computer can solve the problem that 1024 -bit computers spend decades. Essence
: The basic concept of quantum computers
[Edit this paragraph]
Tramid computer, as the name suggests, is a machine that realizes quantum computing. To make clear quantum calculations, first look at classic calculations. Classic computers can be physically described as a machine that transforms the input signal sequence according to a certain algorithm, and its algorithm is achieved by the internal logic circuit of the computer. The classic computer has the following characteristics:
The input state and output state are classic signals, described in the language of quantum mechanics, that is, its input and output state are both This is the state. If you enter the binary sequence 0110110, use quantum marks, that is, | 0110110>. All input states are orthodox. It is impossible for classic computers to enter the following superimposed state: C1 | 0110110 ＞ C2 | 1001001>.
The transformation inside the classic computer has evolved into orthogonal state, and general quantum transformation does not have this properties. Therefore, the transformation (or calculation) in the classic computer only corresponds to a special set.
The above two restrictions of the classic computers, quantum computers have been promoted respectively. The input of quantum computers is described by a quantum system with a limited energy level, such as the second energy -level system (called Qubits), and the transformation of quantum computers (that is, quantum computing) includes possible positive transformations. Therefore, the characteristics of quantum computers are:
The input state and output state of quantum computers are generally superimposed, and they are usually inactive with each other;
in quantum computers Change to all possible changes. After the output state is obtained, the quantum computer measures a certain measurement of the output state, and the calculation results are given.
In this shows that quantum computing has greatly expanded the classic calculation, and the classic calculation is a special type of quantum computing. The most essential feature of quantum calculation is quantum superposition and quantum coherent. The transformation of each superposition component implementation of the quantum computer is equivalent to a classic calculation. All these classic calculations are completed at the same time and superimposed at a certain probability amplitude to give the output result of the quantum computer. This calculation is called quantum parallel calculation.
The quantum parallel calculation or quantum simulation calculation, essentially uses quantum coherence. Unfortunately, it is difficult to maintain quantum syndrome in the actual system. In quantum computers, quantum bits are not an isolated system. It will interact with the external environment, leading to the attenuation of quantum coherent, that is, the degradation (also known as "retreat"). Therefore, to make quantum computing a reality, a core issue is to overcome the abortion. Quantum codes are the most effective way to overcome the elimination of elimination. The main quantum encoding schemes are: quantum error correction code, quantum misunderstanding code, and quantum prevention code. The quantum error correction code is an analogy of classic error correction codes. It is currently the most type of encoding of the current research. Its advantages are widely available scope, and the disadvantage is that the efficiency is not high.
. So far, there is no real quantum computer in the world. However, many laboratories around the world are pursuing this dream with great enthusiasm. How to achieve quantum computing is not a lot of schemes. The problem is that it is really difficult to manipulate the micro quantum state in the experiment. At present, the proposed scheme mainly uses atomic and light cavity interactions, cold trap restraint ions, electron or nuclear spin -spin resonance, quantum dot control, superconductant quantum interference, etc. It is difficult to say which scheme is more promising, but the quantum dot plan and the superconducting Josephson knot solution are more suitable for integration and miniaturization. In the future, the existing solutions will not be used to use it. Finally, it is a new design that stands out. This new design is based on some new materials, just like semiconductor materials for electronic computers. The purpose of studying quantum computers is not to use it to replace existing computers. Quantum computers have renewed the concept of computing. This is the difference between quantum computers and other computers such as optical computers and biological computers. The role of quantum computers is far more than just solving some classic computers.
The quantum computer is a series of large -scale and high accuracy operations through quantum split type and quantum repair type. Its floating -point computing performance is unmatched by the CPU of ordinary home computers. The large -scale operation method of quantum computers is actually similar to the batch processing program of ordinary computers. The operation method is simply split through a large number of quantums, and then high -speed Quantum repair, but its accuracy and speed are also unpredictable for ordinary computers, so the cost is quite amazing. At present, the only quantum computer is still in the hometown of Silicon Valley, Microsoft, and it is still in the test stage, and it will have some time before it is put into use. Of course, quantum computers are not for us to play video games, because this is like using laser cutting machine to cut paper. The main purpose is to measure the precise coordinates of the stars, quickly calculate irregular stereo graphics volume, accurately control robots or artificial intelligence, etc. Need a large -scale, high -precision high -speed floating -point operation. Behind the running series of difficult operations, it is terrible energy consumption, not much long service life and horrible calories.
I assuming that 1 ton of uranium 235 can provide 70 million watt volume of electricity per day through the nuclear generator, but these electricity will be exhausted in just 10 days. This is the most conservative estimate; A quantum computer works for about 4 hours a day, then its life span will only be poor for 2 years. If it works for more than 6 hours, I am afraid that it will not even be 1 year. This is also the most conservative estimate; Then the case will reach 200 degrees within 2 hours. I am afraid that the heat dissipation device will be melted in 6 hours. This is still the most conservative estimate!
It's perspective, high -energy short -lived quantum computers may have a long distance from our lives, let us wait and see in the future of the future! ~
: DNA Biological Computer
The scientists have found that deoxyrum ribose (DNA) has a characteristic that can carry a large amount of genetic substances owned by various cells of organisms. Mathematicians, biologists, chemists, and computer experts have been inspired by it, and they are currently cooperating to develop future DNA computers. The working principle of this DNA computer is based on instant chemical reactions. Through the interaction of enzymes, the reaction process is performed for molecular coding, and the problem is answered in the form of new DNA coding. In 1995, it was reported that scientists made breakthroughs with the "programming" DNA chain math problem. Compared with ordinary computers, the advantage of DNA computers is that the volume is small, but the amount of information stored exceeds any current computer. It is only one of the few trillions of ordinary computers for storing information. Its information can be stored in the DNA chain with a messenger. DNA computers can complete any computing that all computers have so far in a few days. In addition, it consumes only one billionth of ordinary computers. The reason why the DNA computer function is strong is that each chain itself is a miniature processor. Scientists can arrange the 1 billion chain in 1,000 grams of water, and each chain can be calculated independently. This means a possible solution that DNA computers can "trial" at the same time. Electronic computers must calculate each solution from beginning to end until the next solution is tried. Therefore, electronic computers and DNA computers are completely different. Electronic computers can perform many operations in one hour, but only one instruction operation can be performed at a time. The DNA computer takes about one hour to perform an operation, but it can calculate 1 billion instructions at a time. The function of the human brain is between the two: about 10 trillion instruction operations in one hour. DNA computers translate binary numbers into segments of genetic passwords. Each clip is a chain of the famous double spiral. Scientists hope to break down all possible modes of DNA and put it in the test tube to create complementary digital chains to provide a basis for solving more complicated operations.
The DNA structure -DNA nuclease can build a variety of DNA molecular logic doors, which laid the foundation for the development of DNA computers.
DNA computing is an emerging research field developed by computer science and molecular biology.
In the news of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, researcher Fan Chunhai of the Institute of Applied Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Academician He Lin and Professor Zhang Zhizhou (now Professor of Tianjin University of Science and Technology) from Shanghai Jiaotong University BIO -X center Cross -cooperation, the use of DNA nuclease to develop a new type of "DNA logic door", laid the foundation for the development of DNA computers. Related research results have been published in the well -known chemical magazine "German Applied Chemistry" published a few days ago.
It because DNA molecules have strong parallel computing and ultra -high storage capabilities, DNA computing may solve the complex problems that some electronic computers are difficult to complete, and may also play in the fields of drug transmission or genetic analysis in the body. Important role. Although DNA calculation of future potential is endless, there are still many bottleneck technologies and basic issues that need to be solved. Among them, the logical door based on DNA molecules is an important foundation for realizing DNA calculations.
DNA nuclease is a nucleic acid structure with specific enzyme activity selected by in vitro evolution. In this study, DNA nuclease with DNA hydrolyzed activity is used. This nuclease with a hammer head -shaped structure can catalyze oxidation and cut the substrate DNA under the auxiliary of copper ions. The DNA logic door is developed through module design () based on this DNA nuclease structure.输入信号通过特定的生物分子传感可以产生输出信号，从而实现“YES”、“NOT”等逻辑判断，并可以组合成复杂的三输入逻辑门“AND(A,NOT(B),NOT(C )) "". The combination of "NOT" and "AND (A, Not (B), Not (C))" is a set of common operational symbols. Therefore, all the operations of the Turing machine can be achieved in theory.
The new features of the logical door system lies in excluding the participation of RNA nucleoside in previous DNA logic doors, and simply applying DNA molecules, thereby avoiding the instability of the system brought by RNA nucleoside. Related research results have been published in the well -known chemical magazine "Angew.chem.int.ed., 2006,45,1759.).
three: The existing computer of photon computer is passed and processed by electrons. Although the speed of the electric field in the wire is faster than the speed of any carrier tools we see, but from the perspective of the development of a high -speed computer, the use of electronic transport information carrier can not meet the fast requirements, and improve the speed of computer computing. It also shows that the ability is limited. The photon computer uses photons to replace electronics and use optical fiber to perform data computing, transmission and storage. In photonic computers, different wavelengths of light represent different data, which is far better than binary operations performed by electronic computers through the changes in electron "0" and "1" state. Parallel treatment. The photon computer will increase the operation speed on the basis of the current basis.
It the disadvantages of electronic computers
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We know that there are resistors and capacitors in any metal wire. It is also known from the basic knowledge of electromagnetics that the combination of resistance and capacitors will generate "resistance" to electrons that spread in the wires, reducing the speed of spreading in the wire (about only about one thousandth of the transmission speed of light waves in vacuum in vacuum waves ), This phenomenon is also called clock distorted. Due to such problems, there is such a consequences accordingly: the reaction of electrons to rapid foreign changes is "dull". When the carrier frequency of the transmission information is very high (that is, the signal change rate is fast), the electrical signal passed on the wire can not keep up with the information signal change to be passed. As a result, just like the cross talk actor reads the password, he reads too fast, the tongue responds to keep up, and when you read the wrong or walk, the transmitted signal should be distorted, and the computer's operation is wrong. Secondly, although the central processing machine of the electronic computer can quickly process the data, the main memory can swallow a lot of data. However, all data signals must be passed through the bus, and if the current density of the bus is too large, the electromagnetic interference generates is also large. Therefore, electronic computers will also appear similar to the highway crossing port due to narrowing and limited vehicle traffic rates, and computer and computing speed are also limited. In addition, the integrated electronic device used by the computer, which is limited by the interference of quantum effects and integrated density. Theoretically the highest integrated density is 1 billion crystal tube per chip (the actual number reached is much lower than that of this number is much lower than this number is much lower than this number is much lower than this number. To.
The advantages of photon computer
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without electrons, use photons as a carrier of transmitting information, it is possible to overcome the previous interviews Those restrictions to make more performance computers. The following aspects of the carrier of the photon for transmitting information have the benefits:
1. The photon does not have a charge, and there is no electromagnetic field interaction between them. In the free space, a few beams of light spread and cross the cross, and there is no interference between each other. Ten thousand beams can cross a optical element at the same time without affecting each other. A optical system can provide 5*10^5 -line transmission information channels; a good quality lens can provide information channels. If the light wave guide is transmitted, the light wave guide can also cross each other, as long as their cross angle is greater than about left and right, there will be no obvious cross -coupling. The nature of the above is also known as the parallelism of light signal transmission.
2. The photon has no static quality. It can be spread in real vacuum or in the medium. That is to say, the speed of the photon carrying information transmission is compared to the chip in the electronic fast computers. The photon interconnection is not affected by electromagnetic interference, and the density of interconnection can be very high. In the free space, the number of connections on the area of each square millimeter can reach 50,000. If it is interconnected by a optical waveguide, there can be 10,000. Therefore, using photons as an information processing carrier, it will create a computer with a high computing speed. Theoretically, it can reach 100 billion times per second, and the information storage reaches 10^18 bits. This computer is called photonic computer.
3. Ultra -high speed operation speed. The parallel processing capacity of photonic computers is strong, so it has a higher operation speed. The transmission speed of electronics is 593km/s, while the transmission speed of photon reaches 3 × 10.5km/s. For electronic computers, electrons are the carrier of information. In the best case, the speed of electrons in solids is far less than the speed of light. Although the current electronic computer operation speed is continuously increased, its capacity limit is still limited; in addition, as the assembly density continues to increase, it will make the assembly density, which will make the assembly density, which will make the assembly density, which will make the assembly density. The electromagnetic effects between conductors are continuously enhanced, and the heat emitted is gradually increasing, thereby restricting the operating speed of electronic computers; while photonic computers are operating much faster than electronic computers, and the requirements for using environmental conditions are also higher than electronic computers than electronic computers. Much low.
4. Over large -scale information storage capacity. Compared with electronic computers, photonic computers have a large -scale information storage capacity. The photon computer has an extremely ideal photoresistal source -laser. The transmission of photon can not require a wire, and even if they intersect, they will not have the slightest mutual impact. The density of the parallel passage of the photonic computer without wire transmission information is actually infinite. A five -cent coin -sized mirror has a lot of information through the ability of the world's existing telephone cable channels.
5. Energy consumption is small, and low calories are emitted. It is a energy -saving product. The driver of photonic computers only requires a small part of the electronic computer -driven energy of similar specifications, which not only reduces the energy consumption of electrical energy, greatly reduces the calories emitted by the machine, but also provides convenience for the miniaturization and portable development of photonic computers, which provides convenience. condition. Scientists are experimenting with the traditional electronic converter and photon to create a "hybrid" computer. This computer can not only deal with information faster, but also overcome the internal overheating problem of giant electronic computers.
The composition of photon computers
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The photon computer consists of optical components and equipment such as optical mirrors, lenses, filters and other optical components Essence There are two types of photon computers: analog and digital. The characteristic of analog photonic computer is to directly use the two -dimensional nature of optical images, so the structure is relatively simple. This photon computer is now used for satellite picture processing and mode recognition. The Star Wars plan proposed by the United States before intended to develop this computer to identify the missile images of high -speed flight. There are many structures of digital photon computers. Among them, there are two types of development value. One is to use mature structures in electronic computers. interconnection. The other is a new structure based on parallel treatment (optical neural network). In the 1980s, it was successfully successfully successful in the optical information processing machine. It was also successful. It consists of laser, lens, and prism. Although photonic computers have been successful, at present, photonic computers cannot catch up with electronic computers in terms of functions and computing speeds. We mainly use electronic computers. In the future, electronic computers will be developed. However, in terms of development potential, obviously photonic computers are much greater than electronics, especially in terms of image processing, target recognition and artificial intelligence, photonic computers will play a greater role in the future than electronic computers.
The current status of photon computers
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The Bell Laboratory in the United States announced the development of the world's first optical computer. It uses gallium arsenidiated light -learning switch, with computing speed of 1 billion times per second. Although this optical computer is still a certain distance from the theoretical optical computers, strong vitality has been shown. Human beings have used optical cable transmission data for more than 20 years, and the technology of disclosed information with optical signals to store information has also been widely used. However, in order to create a real photon computer, you need to develop the basic element that can be used to control the optical transistor that can control the change of another beam. Generally speaking, although scientists can implement such devices, the conditions required such as temperature are still harsh, and it is difficult to enter the practical stage.
The optical technology company in Massachusetts in the United States -Optical Guide Lights Equipment System Company is currently cooperating with the American Aerospace Bureau of Marshall Aerospace Center to develop a "optical" road board to create optical computers to achieve photons Movement control
is expected to make breakthroughs this year. In May 1999, a research team of more than 20 people led by Singaporean scientist He Shengzhong, who worked at Northwestern University in the United States, used nano -level semiconductor lasers to develop the world's smallest photon -oriented coupling. Light in the semiconductor layer decompose and control.